Vedic Culture – Refers to the early Indo-Aryan civilization, known for Vedas, caste system origins, rituals, and pastoral lifestyle. Mauryas – India’s first major empire (322–185 BCE) founded by Chandragupta; peaked under Ashoka, known for administration and spread of Buddhism. Guptas – Known as the "Golden Age" of India (4th–6th century CE) with great advances in science, arts, and culture.

Key British administrators who introduced reforms in administration, education, economy, and law—like Cornwallis, Wellesley, Dalhousie, and Curzon.

Delhi Sultanate – Muslim rule in Northern India (1206–1526) known for centralized administration and Indo-Islamic culture. Mughals – A powerful dynasty (1526–1857) known for strong administration, Persian-influenced culture, and monumental architecture.

1857 Revolt – First major armed resistance against British rule, sparked by sepoy discontent, seen as the First War of Independence. INC Sessions – Key political meetings of the Indian National Congress, shaping the freedom movement’s direction and demands. Freedom Struggle – A multi-phase resistance (1885–1947) against British colonialism involving leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Subhash Bose, and various mass movements.

Covers developments after 1947: integration of princely states, linguistic reorganization, foreign policy, social reforms, and major political events.

Emerging in the 6th century BCE as reform movements, both emphasized non-violence and renunciation. Buddhism spread widely under Ashoka, while Jainism focused on extreme asceticism and truth.

19th and 20th-century movements aiming to eradicate social evils like casteism, sati, and child marriage. Key reformers include Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Jyotirao Phule, and B.R. Ambedkar.