Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Bengal (1773–1785), played a pivotal role in laying the foundation for British imperial control over India. His administrative, judicial, military, and economic reforms contributed significantly to the consolidation of British authority. His policies not only helped stabilize British possessions in India but also created a framework for future colonial expansion.
Establishment of a Centralized Authority
Before Hastings, the British territories in India were managed separately by different Presidencies (Calcutta, Madras, Bombay). The Regulating Act of 1773 marked a turning point, and Hastings was appointed as the first Governor-General of Bengal with supervisory powers over the other Presidencies. This laid the groundwork for a centralized administrative structure, increasing British efficiency and authority.
Strengthening of Bureaucracy
Hastings introduced a system of accountability for British officials. He insisted on regular reports and documentation. This professionalized the British bureaucracy and reduced corruption to an extent, strengthening the colonial hold over Indian governance.
Dual System Abolished
Earlier, the administration of justice was divided between Indian officials (Diwani) and British officials (Nizamat), leading to confusion and inefficiency. Hastings abolished the Dual System introduced by Robert Clive and brought the judiciary under direct British control, enhancing legal uniformity.
Formation of Civil and Criminal Courts
He established civil courts (Diwani Adalat) in districts presided over by European judges assisted by Indian assessors, and criminal courts (Faujdari Adalat) run by Indian judges but under British supervision. This created a legal system that enforced British policies and ensured greater control over Indian subjects.
Farming System Introduction
Hastings implemented the revenue farming system, where the right to collect revenue was auctioned to the highest bidder. While it increased short-term revenue for the British, it led to exploitation of peasants. However, it centralized revenue collection under British oversight, reinforcing their economic dominance.
Settlement with Zamindars
He attempted to negotiate fixed revenue settlements with zamindars to ensure consistent revenue. Though not as successful as later reforms like the Permanent Settlement (by Cornwallis), it marked a step toward a structured revenue policy.
Reorganization of the Army
Hastings reorganized the British Indian Army by increasing discipline, training, and control. He developed an effective command structure, ensuring that military forces were loyal and responsive to the British government.
Suppression of Revolts
He suppressed multiple threats, including the Rohilla War (1774) and conflicts with the Marathas and Mysore (First Anglo-Maratha and Anglo-Mysore Wars). Though controversial, these actions demonstrated British military power and discouraged resistance, consolidating British political control.
Expansion of British Influence
Hastings used diplomatic alliances, subsidiary treaties, and military interventions to expand British influence beyond Bengal. His handling of princely states set the precedent for later annexations and indirect rule.
Use of Residents
He appointed British Residents in Indian courts to monitor and influence native rulers. This system would later become a key tool of British control across India.
Respect for Indian Traditions
Hastings promoted a policy of understanding Indian culture and traditions. He supported the translation of Hindu and Muslim legal texts, and patronized scholars like William Jones, who founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784. This helped the British create a knowledge base to rule India more effectively.
Monopolies and Trade Expansion
Hastings worked to stabilize the East India Company's finances by curbing private trade and creating monopolies in salt, opium, and betel-nut. These increased Company revenue and allowed greater economic control over Indian resources.
Despite significant administrative achievements, Hastings’ tenure was also marked by accusations of corruption and mismanagement, leading to his impeachment trial in Britain (though he was later acquitted). Nevertheless, his policies laid the institutional foundation of British rule in India.
Warren Hastings played a critical role in transforming the East India Company from a trading enterprise into a governing power. His reforms in administration, judiciary, revenue, military, and diplomacy collectively strengthened British authority in India and set the stage for future colonial expansion. Though controversial, his legacy remains vital in understanding the early consolidation of British imperialism in India.